GLOSSARY
Acetone

Acetone, a colorless liquid also known as Propanone, is a solvent used in manufacture of plastics and other industrial products. Acetone may also be used to a limited extent in household products, including cosmetics and personal care products, where its most frequent application would be in the formulation of nail polish removers. Breathing moderate-to-high levels of acetone for short periods of time, however, can cause nose, throat, lung, and eye irritation; headaches; light-headedness; confusion; increased pulse rate; effects on blood; nausea; vomiting; unconsciousness and possibly coma; and shortening of the menstrual cycle in women.

Airborne Disease

Airborne disease can spread when people with certain infections cough, sneeze, or talk, spewing nasal and throat secretions into the air.

Ambient Particulate Matter

A mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air, ranging in size, origin and consequence. Particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, also known as fine particles or PM2.5, pose the greatest risk to health

Antimicrobials

Antimicrobials are chemicals added to products to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes. They are also called antibacterials or biocides.

Asbestos

Asbestos is a mineral fiber that occurs in rock and soil. All types of asbestos cause lung cancer, mesothelioma, cancer of the larynx and ovary, and asbestosis (fibrosis of the lungs). Exposure to asbestos occurs through inhalation of fibres in air in the working environment, ambient air in the vicinity of point sources such as factories handling asbestos, or indoor air in housing and buildings containing friable (crumbly) asbestos materials.

Bisphenols and Phthalates

Bisphenols are chemicals used to harden plastic; Phthalates are chemicals used to make plastic more flexible and to make fragrances last longer. Exposure to bisphenols and phthalates can be harmful, especially forfetuses and young children. They can mimic or block hormones — the chemical messengers that help our bodies function properly — causing health problems.

Communicable Disease

Infectious diseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.

Eaves

Eave is part of the roof that extends out beyond the exterior wall.

Elevation

An elevation is a view from the side of an object, when drawing interior elevations, this would represent one of the walls. This would include any windows or doors as well as any built-in furniture that is in direct contact with the wall.

Endemic / Endemic Countries

Refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area.

Environmental Diseases

Environmental diseases are determined by environmental factors that can be related to the personal lifestyle (smoking, alcohol/substance abuse, abnormal eating patterns), physical factors from the environment (UV radiation, cold, heat, air pressure, electricity), or exposure the irritant or toxic chemicals from the environment (heavy metals, halogens, organic compounds, or noxious gases).

Ethylene Glycol

Ethylene glycol is a colorless, syrupy liquid. It is used as an antifreeze, in making polyester plastics, and for some manufacturing. It can harm the eyes, skin, kidneys, and respiratory system. Ethylene glycol can cause death if swallowed.

Fecal-Oral Route

Spread of microorganisms from the infected stool of one person into the mouth of another; may occur via fecal contamination of food or water supply, or by hand-to-mouth transmission following inadequate handwashing after touching contaminated items.

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is a colorless, highly toxic, and flammable gas at room temperature. It is used in the production of fertilizer, paper, plywood, and some resins. It is also used as a food preservative and in household products, such as antiseptics, medicines, and cosmetics. Exposure to formaldehyde can irritate the skin, throat, lungs, and eyes. Repeated exposure to formaldehyde can possibly lead to cancer.

Health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Hygiene

Hygiene refers to behaviors that can improve cleanliness and lead to good health, such as frequent hand washing, face washing, and bathing with soap and water.

Indoor Air Pollution (IAP)

Indoor air pollution refers to chemical, biological and physical contamination of indoor air. It may result in adverse health effects.

Infectious

Infectious diseases are diseases caused by microorganisms. These are microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. They can sometimes be caught from other people, the environment, from animal contact, or from insect bites.

Methylene Chloride

Methylene chloride, also known as dichloromethane or DCM, is a solvent used in a range of products. The average consumer is most likely to encounter it in paint strippers, even though safer alternatives exist. Methylene chloride has been linked to cancer, cognitive impairment, and asphyxiation.

Morbidity

Morbidity is the state of being symptomatic or unhealthy for a disease or condition. It is usually represented or estimated using prevalence or incidence.

Mortality

In medicine, a term is used for death rate, or the number of deaths in a certain group of people in a certain period of time. Mortality may be reported for people who have a certain disease, live in one area of the country, or who are of a certain gender, age, or ethnic group.

Neglected Tropical Diseases

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of parasitic and bacterial diseases that cause substantial illness for more than one billion people globally. Affecting the world’s poorest people, NTDs impair physical and cognitive development, contribute to mother and child illness and death, make it difficult to farm or earn a living, and limit productivity in the workplace.

Non-Communicable Disease

A non-communicable disease is a noninfectious health condition that cannot be spread from person to person. It also lasts for a long period of time. This is also known as a chronic disease.

Overcrowding

Overcrowding occurs if there are more than three people per habitable room; it can be measured as the average living area per person in the place of residence.

Perchloroethylene

Perchloroethylene, also known as perc, is a colorless, nonflammable liquid solvent with a sweet, ether-like odor. It is primarily used in industrial settings and also for dry-cleaning fabrics and degreasing metals. During dry cleaning, perc primarily enters the body from inhalation of the vapors, potentially resulting in the following health hazards: dizziness, drowsiness, and loss of coordination; mild loss of memory, visual perception, and reaction time after several years of exposure; or redness and blistering of the skin after prolonged dermal contact.

PFAS

“PFAS” is short for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. PFAS don’t easily break down, and they can persist in your body and in the environment for decades. As a result of their pervasiveness, more than 95 percent of the U.S. population has PFAS in their bodies, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Plan

Plan drawings are a specific type of drawing architects use to illustrate a building or portion of a building. A plan is drawn from a horizontal plane looking down from above.

Porosity

The quality or state of being porous (permeable to outside influences).

Potable water

Potable water also known as drinking water, comes from surface and ground sources and is treated for microorganisms, bacteria, toxic chemicals, viruses and fecal matter. Drinking raw, untreated water can cause gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea, vomiting or fever.

Sanitation

Sanitation refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe management of human excreta from the toilet to containment and storage and treatment onsite or conveyance, treatment and eventual safe end use or disposal.

Section

Section drawings are a specific type of drawing architects use to illustrate a building or portion of a building. A section is drawn from a vertical plane slicing through a building.

Toluene

Toluene is a colorless liquid with a sweet, pungent odor. It’s used in paints, dyes, solvents, fingernail polish, and gasoline. Exposure to toluene can cause eye and nose irritation, tiredness, confusion, euphoria, dizziness, headache, dilated pupils, tears, anxiety, muscle fatigue, insomnia, nerve damage, inflammation of the skin, and liver and kidney damage.

Unintentional Injury

Unintentional injuries consist of that subset of injuries for which there is no evidence of predetermined intent.

Vector

Vectors are mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas that spread pathogens. A person who gets bitten by a vector and gets sick has a vector-borne disease.

Vector-Borne Disease

Vector-Borne Diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, sandflies, and blackflies.

Vector Control

Vector control is the principal method available for controlling many VBD (Vector-Born Disease). Vector control aims to limit the transmission of pathogens by reducing or eliminating human contact with the vector.

VOCs

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are organic chemical compounds that evaporate easily at room temperature. VOCs are widely used at home and work, so exposure to airborne VOCs is unavoidable.

WASH

WASH is the collective term for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Due to their interdependent nature, these three core issues are grouped together to represent a growing sector. While each a separate field of work, each is dependent on the presence of the other.

Xylene

Xylene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor. It’s used in the petroleum and wood processing industries. Exposure to xylene can irritate the eyes, nose, skin, and throat. Xylene can also cause headaches, dizziness, confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and in high doses, death.

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Building Sanitation in Idenau, Cameroon

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  • November 18, 2020 at 8:48 pm #4794
    AvatarHealth Through Housing Admin
    Keymaster

    According to the WHO, open defecation causes a number of health risks and diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio. Poor sanitation also causes 280,000 diarrhea-related deaths every year and is a major factor in multiple neglected tropical diseases, including intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, and trachoma. 

    In 2015, in rural Cameroon, almost 14% of the population practiced open defecation, the highest value in the last 15 years, 60% have unimproved sanitation, 7% have limited sanitation, and the remaining 18% have access to basic sanitation facilities.

    Open defecation is very common in Idenau, a mid-sized municipality in the Sud-Ouest (Southwest) of the Republic of Cameroon. Residents walk to the beaches everyday to defecate openly due to the lack of toilets in the community. Other issues regarding sanitation include dumping of household and other solid waste in and around the community, poor drainage systems with open gutters, limited access to potable water, and poor road networks. 

    ARCHIVE Global was commissioned by the Idenau Municipality and CROSS UK to conduct an Infrastructure Needs Assessment for Idenau to identify, assess, and analyze challenges and opportunities in the area of disease transmission and prevention, local conditions and traditional approaches to design, and construction in the city of Idenau. 

    The needs assessment analysis demonstrated that:

    • 72% of respondents practiced open defecation
    • 85% of respondents strongly agreed that open defecation is bad, and it puts their children at risk of disease
    • 92% of respondents said that drinking water was not available to them year-round
    • 97% of respondents said that they do not have access to a handwashing facility

    The Needs Assessment allowed ARCHIVE Global to understand and illustrate Idenau’s need for adequate sanitation infrastructure and access to clean water. With the Needs Assessment in hand, the municipality has a proof of their need and actionable recommendations to fundraise towards.

    Hand-washing in Cameroon

    Hand-washing in Cameroon

    Hand-washing in Cameroon

    Hand-washing in Cameroon

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